Antimicrobial Resistance Policy Protagonists and Processes-A Qualitative Study of Policy Advocacy and Implementation.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) fundamentally weakens societal foundations economically and in health care. The development of well-considered policies against AMR is important. However, in many places, AMR policy implementation remains elusive. This study aims to identify enablers and deterrents as well as processes and conditions in AMR policy advocacy. It also aims to identify AMR implementation conditions where AMR national policies are adopted and, to a certain extent, formulated and implemented. This study adopts qualitative research methodology and applies the Grounded Theory Framework to identify thematic findings from interviews conducted in China, Japan, Norway, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (US). It was identified that AMR policy protagonists are critical to filtering AMR issues and identifying policies "fit to prioritize" and "fit to implement". They have helped move policy prioritization needles in the UK and the US and engaged in diplomatic efforts in the UK. In these cases, no clientelism was considered. In the US, protagonists who talked to the right decision-makers in the right office at the right time both moved AMR issues from individuals to institutional agenda and from social norms to policy agenda. To conclude, there are three thematic policy conditions that are significant to AMR policy advocacy and implementation: committed personal championship, institutionalization of policies, and social norms facilitate AMR policy advocacy and implementation.

Peer-review of "A history of cardiac surgery: an adventurous voyage from antiquity to the artificial heart" by Ugo Filippo Tesler.

The storytelling of contemporary cardiac surgery is narrated from early extra cardiac procedures to open heart surgery. The Italian author, Dr. Tesler, has been a testimonial of any step. He worked for a long span with the opportunity to gather information directly from the protagonists. The novelty of the book resides it has been written by a cardiac surgeon himself and not by a professional historian. It covers the voyage from extra cardiac operations to "closed" and "open" heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The book is strongly recommend to Cardiovascular Pathologists since our discipline was born with the contemporary cardiac surgery.

Communicating with children and adolescents about the risk of natural disasters.

A vast number of people annually are affected by natural disasters. Children are at risk of losing their lives and suffer mentally or physically after such events. The fostering of resilience and preparedness ahead of disasters can reduce untoward effects of disastrous events. Risk communication and disaster education are considered important aspects of disaster preparedness, but little is known about whether such strategies influence children's behaviour when natural disasters occur or how they cope in the aftermath. This paper presents and discusses various strategies that promote preparedness activities to save lives. To a minor extent, it also includes strategies that can promote coping in the aftermath. Strategies such as informational campaigns, educational activities, psychoeducation and parental guidance are addressed. The literature to date indicates that schools are a suitable arena for risk communication, and that adolescents themselves should be involved and engaged in the communication strategies. However, the relationship between knowledge of preparedness strategies and the resulting preparedness actions is largely unknown. It is unknown whether changes in awareness and attitudes have resulted in actual behaviour change. It is advocated that preparedness activities and parental involvement should supplement information-based strategies.

Un gran número de personas se ven afectadas anualmente por desastres naturales. Los niños corren el riesgo de perder la vida o sufrir mental o físicamente después de dichos eventos. Promover la resiliencia y la preparación ante los desastres puede reducir los efectos desfavorables de los sucesos desastrosos. La comunicación de riesgos y la educación para desastres se consideran aspectos importantes de la preparación para casos de desastre, pero se sabe poco acerca de si tales estrategias realmente influyen en el comportamiento de los niños cuando ocurren desastres naturales o cómo lidian con ello después. Este documento presenta y discute varias estrategias que promueven actividades de preparación para salvar vidas. En menor medida, también incluye estrategias que pueden promover el afrontamiento posterior. Se abordan estrategias como campañas informativas, actividades educativas, psicoeducación y orientación parental. La literatura hasta la fecha indica que las escuelas son un entorno adecuado para la comunicación de riesgos, y que los propios adolescentes deberían estar involucrados y comprometido en las estrategias de comunicación. Sin embargo, la relación entre el conocimiento de las estrategias de preparación y las acciones de preparación resultantes es en gran parte desconocida. Se desconoce si los cambios de conciencia y actitudes han resultado en un verdadero cambio de comportamiento. Se recomienda que las actividades de preparación y la participación de los padres complementen las estrategias basadas en la información.

Hitting two birds with one stone: An afterword on archeology and the history of science.

This afterword comments on the articles gathered together in this special section of History of Science ("Disassembling Archaeology, Reassembling the Modern World"). Criticizing the consistent lack of institutional infrastructure for histories of archaeology in the history of science, the piece argues that scholars should recognize the commonality of archaeology's practices with those of the nineteenth and twentieth century field sciences that have received more historical attention. The piece also suggests avenues to help take this approach further, such as combining expertise from historians of the biological sciences and of antiquarianism and archaeology to look at the history of the understanding of human variation and race. Finally, the afterword suggests that scholars should reconsider the idea of archaeology's reliance on institutionalised practices, thinking about the use and re-use of material culture in more diverse and pragmatic social contexts.

Caminhos da humanização hospitalar em Manaus: os trabalhadores na roda / Paths towards hospital humanization: a circle of workers

O presente trabalho apresenta a experiência realizada num hospital público da cidade de Manaus, na temática da humanização na saúde; seus objetivos principais foram o de elevar a auto-estima e a motivação de funcionários da instituição, desencadear o entrosamento das equipes de profissionais e funcionários e despertar as equipes para uma nova postura em relação aos usuários. A metodologia foi construída gradativamente ao longo das duas etapas, a de encontros de capacitação com profissionais que formaram o Grupo de Trabalho em Humanização e a de oficinas de sensibilização em humanização com os trabalhadores de saúde. O trabalho procurou valorizar a participação dos envolvidos através das atividades interativas, o uso de dinâmicas, relato de experiência e repasse das informações sobre a Política Nacional de Humanização. Os resultados obtidos foram: a Formação do Grupo de Trabalho em Humanização; a realização de 34 oficinas com a participação de 339 servidores, abordando conteúdos e temas relacionados à PNH; e um Diagnóstico da situação.

Caminhos da humanização hospitalar em Manaus: os trabalhadores na roda / Paths towards hospital humanization: a circle of workers

O presente trabalho apresenta a experiência realizada num hospital público da cidade de Manaus, na temática da humanização na saúde; seus objetivos principais foram o de elevar a auto-estima e a motivação de funcionários da instituição, desencadear o entrosamento das equipes de profissionais e funcionários e despertar as equipes para uma nova postura em relação aos usuários. A metodologia foi construída gradativamente ao longo das duas etapas, a de encontros de capacitação com profissionais que formaram o Grupo de Trabalho em Humanização e a de oficinas de sensibilização em humanização com os trabalhadores de saúde. O trabalho procurou valorizar a participação dos envolvidos através das atividades interativas, o uso de dinâmicas, relato de experiência e repasse das informações sobre a Política Nacional de Humanização. Os resultados obtidos foram: a Formação do Grupo de Trabalho em Humanização; a realização de 34 oficinas com a participação de 339 servidores, abordando conteúdos e temas relacionados à PNH; e um Diagnóstico da situação.(AU)